The idea that with the decline of the Roman Empire Europe entered into some immense ‘dark age’ has long been viewed as inadequate by many historians. How co

Historian Chris Wickham defies conventional views of the "Dark Ages" in European history with a work of rigorous yet accessible scholarship. Drawing on a wealth

An innovative and intriguing look at the foundations of Western civilization from two leading historians; the first volume in the Penguin History of Europe The

Index of Chant Incipits -- Index of Manuscripts -- General Index

The 500 years following the collapse of the Roman Empire is still popularly perceived as Europe's 'Dark Ages', marked by barbarism and uniformity. Julia Smith's