Introduction to Cleopatra

Book excerpt: Cleopatra VII Philopator was a well-known queen of ancient Egypt who gained worldwide fame for her beauty, intelligence, and political acumen. She ruled over Egypt from 51 BC until her death in 30 BC, and was the last ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty. Cleopatra was the daughter of Ptolemy XII Auletes, and she became queen at the age of 18. During her time as queen, she had relationships with two of the most powerful men in ancient Rome: Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. Her involvement with these two men led to her downfall and ultimately, her death. Cleopatra was known for her intellectual curiosity and her ability to speak multiple languages. She was also a skilled diplomat, and was able to maintain her power by forming alliances and negotiating with other leaders. Her reign saw the growth of Egypt's economy and a resurgence of its cultural and artistic traditions. Cleopatra was also a patron of the arts, and was known for her love of music, poetry, and literature. Despite her many accomplishments, she was viewed by many of her contemporaries as a dangerous woman who used her beauty and intelligence to manipulate those around her.